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Organic chemistry extended essay topics essay titles for of mice and men: torrent business plan pro 11 0: thesis proposal writers sites au essay about media impact on society. The Technical Proposal begins on page 3 and continues through not more than page The Cost Proposal generated by the system from data entered by the proposer is page 25 no matter how it prints out.

The Cost Proposal for the option effort is not included in the page count. If the proposer has received more than 15 Phase II awards in the prior five fiscal years, provide the name of the awarding agency, date of award, Phase I funding agreement number, Phase I award amount, and topic title. Also provide the award amount and date of previous Phase II funding, as well as the commercialization status for each prior Phase II award.

The Prior Awards addendum is not included in the page limit, but must be included in and uploaded with the Technical Proposal. The content in the addendum should be limited to the information requested in this section. This Solicitation is for Phase I only. The number of Phase II Proposal invitations will depend upon the number of Phase I awards made in the topic, the availability of funding, and the quality of the Phase I research.

Example: four months into a six month period of performance. While some Phase II invitations will be made prior to completion of the Phase I period of performance, other Phase II invitations will be extended at the end of the period of performance. An invitation to submit a Phase II proposal is the first step of the Phase II award process, which consists of the invitation, submission of a Phase II proposal in accordance with the Phase II proposal instructions, including the date and time set for receipt of proposal s , evaluation of that proposal against the Phase II evaluation criteria, selection of Phase II proposals for award, and any negotiations leading to the award of a Phase II contract to those otherwise successful Phase II proposals.

As stated previously, a separate solicitation will not be issued for Phase II. These proposals instructions are provided as information only for those organizations who may receive a Phase I award and may be invited to submit a Phase II proposal. Two-column or more format is not allowed. Invited Phase II Proposals shall be submitted via the electronic submission website at. Paper submissions and proposals received by any other means will not be accepted, evaluated or considered for award unless directed to otherwise.

See Section 3. Commercialization Strategy. The Commercialization Strategy must address the following questions:. Cost Match. The Commercialization Strategy should provide qualitative and quantitative information directly related to the Cost Matching; explaining the improved time interval or acceleration between the completion of Phase II work and the of launching of the innovative products, processes, or services into the marketplace.

Company Commercialization Report. The following are examples of company commercialization data expected in the Commercialization Report. Additional Commercialization Reporting requirements and Commercialization Update requirements can be found in Sections 4. The company may apportion sales or additional investment information relating to more than one Phase II award among those awards, if it notes the apportionment for each award.

Phase II Option. The Phase II Option covers activities over a period of up to 24 months and should describe Phase II activities that may lead to the successful demonstration of a product or technology.

Please note that some items in the Cost Breakdown Guidance may not apply to the option effort. What matters is that enough information be provided to allow DHS to understand how the proposer plans to use the requested funds.

The beginning needs to engage their interest, make clear what you will talk about, and perhaps forecast the central points of your talk. The ending should leave your audience something to remember, think about, or do. In the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln follows a chronological structure.

A tone to suit the occasion. In a presentation to a panel of professors, you probably would want to avoid too much slang and speak in complete sentences. Slides and other media. Organize and draft your presentation. If in drafting you find you have too many points for the time available, leave out the less important ones. Thank your listeners, and offer to take questions and comments if the format allows. Consider whether to use visuals.

Remember, though, that visuals should be a means of conveying information, not mere decoration. You then offer only a brief introduction and answer questions. What visual tools if any you decide to use is partly determined by how your presentation will be delivered: face to face? You may also have to move furniture or the screen to make sure everyone can see your visuals.

Finally, have a backup plan. Computers fail; the internet may not work. Have an alternative in case of problems. Presentation software. Here are some tips for writing and designing slides. Use slides to emphasize your main points, not to reproduce your talk. A list of brief points, presented one by one, reinforces your words; charts and images can provide additional information that the audience can take in quickly.

On slides, sans serif fonts like Arial and Helvetica are easier to read than serif fonts like Times New Roman. Your text and illustrations need to contrast with the background. Dark content on a light background is easier to see and read than the reverse.

Decorative backgrounds, letters that fade in and out or dance across the screen, and sound effects can be more distracting than helpful; use them only if they help to make your point. Indicate in your notes each place where you need to advance to the next slide. Label handouts with your name and the date and title of the presentation. Practice, practice, and then practice some more. Your audience will respond positively to that confidence.

If possible, practice with a small group of friends to get used to having an audience. Speak clearly. Pause for emphasis. In writing, you have white space and punctuation to show readers where an idea or discussion ends. Stand up or sit up straight, and look at your audience. Use gestures for emphasis. To overcome any nervousness and stiffness, take some deep breaths, try to relax, and move your arms and the rest of your body as you would if you were talking to a friend.

To read an example presentation, go to digital. This chapter provides a description of the key elements of an essay that argues a position and tips for writing one. To be arguable, a position must reflect one of at least two points of view, making reasoned argument necessary: file sharing should or should not be considered fair use; selling human organs should be legal or illegal. Necessary background information.

Sometimes, we need to provide some background on a topic so that readers can understand what is being argued. To argue that file sharing should be considered fair use, for example, you might begin by describing the rise in file sharing and explaining fair-use laws. Good reasons. By itself, a position does not make an argument; the argument comes when a writer offers reasons to support the position. You might base an argument in favor of legalizing the sale of human organs on the fact that transplants save lives and that regulation would protect impoverished people who currently sell their organs on the black market.

Convincing evidence. For example, to support your position that fast food should be taxed, you might cite a nutrition expert who links obesity to fast food, offer facts that demonstrate the health-care costs of widespread obesity, and provide statistics that show how taxation affects behavior.

Careful consideration of other positions. No matter how reasonable you are in arguing your position, others may disagree or hold other positions. Widely debated topics such as animal rights or gun control can be difficult to write on if you have no personal connection to them.

Better topics include those that interest you right now, are focused, and have some personal connection to your life. Identify issues that interest you. Pick a few of the roles you list, and identify the issues that interest or concern you.

Try wording each issue as a question starting with should: Should college cost less than it does? Should student achievement be measured by standardized tests? What would be better than standardized tests for measuring student achievement? This strategy will help you think about the issue and find a clear focus for your essay. Choose one issue to write about. Generating ideas and text. Most essays that successfully argue a position share certain features that make them interesting and persuasive.

Consider what interests you about the topic and what more you may need to learn in order to write about it. It may help to do some preliminary research; start with one general source of information a news magazine or Wikipedia, for example to find out the main questions raised about your issue and to get some ideas about how you might argue it.

There are various ways to qualify your thesis: in certain circumstances, under certain conditions, with these limitations, and so on. You need to convince your readers that your thesis is plausible. Start by stating your position and then answering the question why?

This analysis can continue indefinitely as the underlying reasons grow more and more general and abstract. Identify other positions.

Think about positions that differ from yours and about the reasons that might be given for those positions. To refute other positions, state them as clearly and as fairly as you can, and then show why you believe they are wrong. Perhaps the reasoning is faulty or the supporting evidence is inadequate. Acknowledge their merits, if any, but emphasize their shortcomings. Ways of organizing an argument. Alternatively, you might discuss each reason and any counterargument to it together. And be sure to consider the order in which you discuss your reasons.

Usually, what comes last makes the strongest impression on readers, and what comes in the middle makes the weakest impression. End with Give the a call to second action, a reason, with support. To read an example argument essay, go to digital. This chapter describes the key elements of an essay that analyzes a text and provides tips for writing one. Your readers may not know the text you are analyzing, so you need to include it or tell them about it before you can analyze it.

Attention to the context. All texts are part of ongoing conversations, controversies, or debates, so to understand a text, you need to understand its larger context. To analyze the lyrics of a new hip-hop song, you might need to introduce other artists that the lyrics refer to or explain how the lyrics relate to aspects of hip-hop culture.

A clear interpretation or judgment. When you interpret something, you explain what you think it means. In an analysis of a cologne advertisement, you might explain how the ad encourages consumers to objectify themselves.

Reasonable support for your conclusions. You might support your interpretation by quoting passages from a written text or referring to images in a visual text.

Most of the time, you will be assigned a text or a type of text to analyze: the work of a political philosopher in a political science class, a speech in a history or communications course, a painting or sculpture in an art class, and so on. You might also analyze three or four texts by examining elements common to all. In analyzing a text, your goal is to understand what it says, how it works, and what it means.

To do so, you may find it helpful to follow a certain sequence for your analysis: read, respond, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions. Read to see what the text says. Start by reading carefully, noting the main ideas, key words and phrases, and anything that seems noteworthy or questionable. Do you find the text difficult? Do you agree with what the writer says?

Decide what you want to analyze. Think about what you find most interesting about the text and why. Does the language interest you? You might begin your analysis by exploring what attracted your notice. Think about the larger context. All texts are part of larger conversations, and academic texts include documentation partly to weave in voices from the conversation.

Does he or she respond to something others have said? Is there any terminology that suggests that he or she is allied with a particular intellectual school or academic discipline?

Words like false consciousness or hegemony, for instance, would suggest that the text was written by a Marxist scholar. Consider what you know about the writer or artist. The credentials, other work, reputation, stance, and beliefs of the person who created the text are all useful windows into understanding it. Write a sentence or two summarizing what you know about the creator and how that information affects your understanding of the text.

Visual texts might be made up of images, lines, angles, color, light and shadow, and sometimes words.

Look for patterns in the way these elements are used. Write a sentence or two describing the patterns you discover and how they contribute to what the text says. Analyze the argument. What is the main point the writer is trying to make? Are the reasons plausible and sufficient? Are the arguments appropriately qualified? How credible and current are they? After considering these questions, write a sentence or two summarizing the argument and your reactions to it.

Come up with a thesis. Do you want to show that the text has a certain meaning? Your analysis might be structured in at least two ways. You might discuss patterns or themes that run through the text. Alternatively, you might analyze each text or section of text separately. State your thesis. To read an example rhetorical analysis, go to digital.

Newspapers report on local and world events; textbooks give information about biology, history, writing; websites provide information about products jcrew. Very often this kind of writing calls for research: you need to know your subject in order to report on it. This chapter describes the key elements found in most reports and offers tips for writing one.

Accurate, well-researched information. Reports usually require some research. The kind of research depends on the topic. Library research may be necessary for some topics—for a report on migrant laborers during the Great Depression, for example.

Most current topics, however, require internet research. For a report on local farming, for example, you might interview some local farmers. Various writing strategies.

For example, a report on the benefits of exercise might require that you classify types of exercise, analyze the effects of each type, and compare the benefits of each. For a report on the financial crisis for a general audience, for example, you might need to define terms such as mortgage-backed security and predatory lending. Appropriate design. Numerical data, for instance, can be easier to understand in a table than in a paragraph.

A photograph can help readers see a subject, such as an image of someone texting while driving in a report on car accidents. If you get to choose your topic, consider what interests you and what you wish you knew more about. They may be academic in nature or reflect your personal interests, or both. Even if an assignment seems to offer little flexibility, you will need to decide how to research the topic and how to develop your report to appeal to your audience.

And sometimes even narrow topics can be shaped to fit your own interests. Start with sources that can give you a general sense of the subject, such as a Wikipedia entry or an interview with an expert. Your goal at this point is to find topics to report on and then to focus on one that you will be able to cover. Come up with a tentative thesis. Once you narrow your topic, write out a statement saying what you plan to report on or explain.

Think about what kinds of information will be most informative for your audience, and be sure to consult multiple sources and perspectives. Revisit and finalize your thesis in light of your research findings.

Ways of organizing a report [Reports on topics that are unfamiliar to readers] Begin Explain by with an anecdote, quote, or other means of interesting comparing, Provide background, and state your thesis. Describe classifying, your topic, analyzing defining causes or any key effects, terms.

Conclude by restating your thesis or referring to your beginning. Conclude by topic; provide any necessary background information; state your Narrate the second event or procedure. Narrate the third event or procedure. Repeat as necessary. Conclude by restating your Repeat as necessary. To read an example report, go to digital. Parents read their children bedtime stories as an evening ritual.

Preachers base their sermons on religious stories to teach lessons about moral behavior. Grandparents tell how things used to be, sometimes telling the same stories year after year. College applicants write about significant moments in their lives.

Writing students are often called on to compose narratives to explore their personal experiences. This chapter describes the key elements of personal narratives and provides tips for writing one. Most narratives set up some sort of situation that needs to be resolved. That need for resolution makes readers want to keep reading. Vivid detail. Details can bring a narrative to life by giving readers vivid mental images of the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and textures of the world in which your story takes place.

To give readers a picture of your childhood home in the country, you might describe the gnarled apple trees in your backyard and the sound of crickets chirping on a spring night. You may reveal its significance in various ways, but try not to state it too directly, as if it were a kind of moral of the story. Describe the setting. List the places where your story unfolds. Think about the key people. Narratives include people whose actions play an important role in the story. Try narrating the action using active and specific verbs pondered, shouted, laughed to capture what happened.

Consider the significance. You need to make clear why the event you are writing about matters. How did it change or otherwise affect you? What aspects of your life now can you trace to that event? How might your life have been different if this event had not happened? Ways of organizing a personal narrative. Tell about what happened.

Say how Say the conflict something was about the resolved. Fill in details: setting, people, specific actions. Make clear how the situation was resolved. Say something about the significance.

To read an example narrative, go to digital. In both cases, you go below the surface to deepen your understanding of how the texts work and what they mean. This chapter describes the key elements expected in most literary analyses and provides tips for writing one. Your thesis, then, should be arguable. You might argue, for example, that the dialogue between two female characters in a short story reflects current stereotypes about gender roles. Careful attention to the language of the text.

Attention to patterns or themes. Literary analyses are usually built on evidence of meaningful patterns or themes within a text or among several texts. When you write a literary analysis, you show one way the text may be understood, using evidence from the text and, sometimes, relevant contextual evidence to support what you think the text means.

MLA style. Start by considering whether your assignment specifies a particular kind of analysis or critical approach. Look for words that say what to do: analyze, compare, interpret, and so on. Choose a method for analyzing the text. Trace the development and expression of themes, characters, and language through the work. How do they help to create particular meaning, tone, or effects? Explore the way the text affects you as you read through it.

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